Thermage FLX (Monopolar RF)

In short: Thermage FLX, Solta Medical's 6 MHz monopolar radiofrequency device; By performing volumetric heating (4.3 mm depth) in the skin dermis layer, collagen instantly shortens and triggers neocollagenesis. The AccuREP algorithm provides impedance-compatible energy regulation; single-session procedure, 12–24 months effect, minimal side effects. FDA 510(k) approved (2017).

Description

Thermage FLX (Solta Thermage Fractional Laser eXperience) Manufactured by Solta Medical (Bausch Health Companies subsidiary, USA), neodymium-doped fiber technology and fixed-frequency instead of Q-switched mechanism 6 MHz monopolar (unipolar) radiofrequency energy It is a non-invasive skin tightening device that uses It reflects the evolution of the device from the previous Thermage technology series (CPT, NXT, original Thermage): "Fractional eXperience" (FLX) offers faster, more tolerable treatment with AccuREP algorithm and Total Tip 4.0 geometry.

Basic physiology of Thermage FLX: monopolar RF current, dermal collagen fibers 4.3 mm deep within the skin to volumetric heating By subjecting the body to a temperature range of 45–65°C, it triggers immediate collagen protein denaturation (immediate collagen contraction) and stimulates new collagen synthesis (neoclagenesis) through fibroblast activation in the long term. The mechanism is based on thermal coagulation and is not ablative — it provides sub-dermal rejuvenation while protecting the skin surface.

It was approved by the FDA in 2017 through the 510(k) predicate device. K172584 Confirmed with clearance number. CE Mark classification: Class IIb MDR (Also approved by Türkiye TITCK). Solta Medical history: original Thermage received FDA approval in 2002 (periorbital rhytids); Expanded indications at Thermage NXT 2006; Thermage CPT (Comfort Pulse Technology, vibration + cryogen spray) in 2009; FLX became the modern standard in 2017 with AccuREP and Total Tip 4.0.

Technology and Energy Type

Monopolar radiofrequency (unipolar RF) physics: Thermage FLX uses monopolar RF technology, that is, it is a system that does not operate from a single energy pole ("monopolar" = single pole) that ensures the distribution of energy within the skin. This is different from bipolar RF (energy localized between two poles, like Morpheus8) or diathermy applications.

• Frequency: 6MHz — RF frequency in megahertz (megacycle). This frequency range is optimal for skin permeability and penetration depth; RF current creates heat on the skin surface due to high resistance (Joule heating = I² × R).
• Monopolar current geometry: The RF energy coming out of the device head enters the skin and is distributed in the deep dermal collagen layer and returns to the ground from the other point of the body (return electrode is distributed on the body surface). Thus, volumetric heating covers the entire dermis layer — surface sparing is performed.
• Energy density (fluence): Joule heating is produced by multiplying the RF current with resistance. Thermage FLX recommends preset energy levels (0–4 levels, max. 35 Joules per pulse) on the device; Dynamic adjustment is made in the clinic according to the patient's tolerance.
• Pulse characteristics: Q-switched laser is not a pulse (nanosecond); RF monopolar, continuous or modulated energy transfer. Pulse duration: typically 0.3–1.0 seconds (long pulse, different from laser). This long pulse allows the skin surface to be managed in parallel with the cooling system (cryo technology).

Thermage FLX vs. older Thermage versions (CPT, NXT): The Thermage FLX's acronym FLX actually means "fully advanced" over its previous device series (original, NXT, CPT) — a combination of AccuREP and Total Tip 4.0. NXT had simple energy fixation; In FLX, impedance feedback (AccuREP) adjusts each pulse dynamically.

Mechanism of Effect

Volumetric heating and collagen remodeling two-phase system:

Phase 1: Instant Collagen Contraction (Immediate Tightening)

Thermage FLX RF energy heats dermal collagen fibers 4.3 mm deep within the skin to a temperature of 45–65°C. Collagen proteins are not specific absorbers of tattoo pigment or hemoglobin; Instead, RF energy is dissipated as heat into the universe through the skin's resistance (Joule heating = universal resistive heating). During this heating, the collagen triple helix structure undergoes sudden denaturation: H-bonds (hydrogen bonds) are broken, the collagen molecule "unwounds" and physically shortens (contraction). Mechanism: Above 65°C, collagen protein denaturation is irreversible—the protein structure becomes "shrunk" rather than compact. Clinical appearance: immediately after treatment, the skin tightens noticeably; This "immediate tightening" is a Thermage brand.

Phase 2: Long-Term Neocollagenesis (Weeks–Months)

After immediate contraction, a heat-triggered inflammatory response begins within the skin. Dermal fibroblasts receive the stress signal of thermal trauma → growth factor (TGF-β, VEGF, FGF) release is stimulated → fibroblast proliferation and collagen type I + III synthesis increase (neocollagenesis = new collagen formation). Since this process peaks within 3-6 months, the clinical appearance becomes apparent within 3-6 months. Elastin fibers are similarly restricted and remodeled. Result: dermal thickness increase, elasticity improvement, skin firmness increase occurs in the long term.

Chemistry of collagen remodeling and Thermage:

Thermotropic collagen (thermo-contracting) thermal threshold: ~65°C — this temperature is the targeted midpoint in Thermage protocols. Below 60°C, contraction is minimal; Above 70°C, the risk of tissue carbonization (ablation) increases. Thermage FLX maintains this “sweet spot” by operating in the 45–65°C range; While the CPT version (25% slower) requires manual temperature monitoring, FLX's AccuREP algorithm provides this with automatic impedance-based feedback.

Target Layer and Depth

Penetration depth: 4.3 mm (mid dermis). Thermage RF current starts from the skin surface, passes through the epidermis and dermis and penetrates to the beginning of the hypodermal layer. In its mechanism, RF energy is distributed to the universe by the skin's ohmic resistance (Ohm's law):

• Epidermis (0–0.15 mm): Minimal heat storage; Since cell membranes do not conduct RF current well, the epidermis is considered the "RF-resistant" layer. Thermage CPT technology (Comfort Pulse Technology) provides epidermal protection with vibration + cryogen spray (DuraTip cooling), making dermal targeting safe.
• Dermis (0.15–4.3 mm): PRIMARY target layer. The dermis is filled with collagen and elastin fibers; Heating and contraction of these fibers directly affects skin firmness and tone. Dermal collagen fibers ("bundles") shorten when heated suddenly with Thermage RF.
• Hypoderma (>4.3 mm): SubQ adipose (fat) layer. Thermage penetration does not reach hypodermal fat — shallow sub-dermal remodeling (at the dermis-hypoderma border) occurs, but deep adipose remodeling (like Morpheus8) does not occur.

Comparison with other devices:

• HIFU: 1.5–4.5 mm multiple foci (up to SMAS), deeper, more focused.
• Thermage FLX: 4.3 mm dispersed volumetric, dermal focused.
• Morpheus8: 1–8 mm adjustable, bipolar RF + needle trauma, subdermal adipose remodeling (more aggressive).
• Exilis Ultra: 4–10 mm sub-dermal (RF + ultrasound combination).

AccuREP Algorithm

AccuREP = Accurate Real-time Energy Protocol. The main innovation of Thermage FLX is to measure skin impedance in real time with each pulse and dynamically adjust the energy level.

Mechanism: Skin's electrical resistance (impedance), hydration, melanin, dermis thickness, etc. varies from patient to patient depending on factors. The old Thermage CPT used a fixed energy setting (clinician manual preset Level 1–4) — this introduced the risk of over-deliver and under-deliver. AccuREP measures skin impedance before each pulse (complex impedance analysis, frequency sweeping), and adjusts RF energy output on-the-fly—so optimal energy is delivered with each pulse.

Clinical advantages:

• 25% faster session: CPT version (900 pulse) ~90 minutes; FLX (900 pulses) ~60–70 minutes. Description: AccuREP reduces "wasted" bajo-energy pulses, increasing efficiency.
• Better tolerance: The risk of over-heating is reduced (AccuREP, over-deliver prevention), and the patient reports less pain.
• Predictable result: Impedance feedback normalizes patient variation — results are more consistent.

Technological depth: AccuREP, impedance measurement capability, cabling, and firmware updates are the distinguishing feature of the FLX from the previous Thermage NXT/CPT. Due to FDA 510(k) clearance, this algorithm innovation has resulted in a new K-number (K172584) for FLX.

Indications

FDA-approved indications (K172584, 2017):

• Periorbital rhytids (lines around the eyes) — PRIMARY: It is the primary indication specified in the FDA's original 2002 Thermage clearance. Because the periorbital area is inert, sensitive tissue, RF energy improves collagen contraction here and periorbital skin laxity.
• Facial skin firmness and facial sagging: Mandibular borders, jawline, jowl laxity, mid-face volume loss recovery.
• Body skin laxity: Upper arm, thigh, abdomen, post-weight-loss laxity.

Off-label indications (common in Türkiye and global practice):

• Submental (under the chin) and neck tightening: Second-skin "turkey neck" treatment; Collagen contraction under the chin has a significant effect.
• Décolletage area: Sun-damaged, sagging décolletage skin.
• Lip flip sub-clinical: Lip vermillion border definition, upper lip support (combination with botox).
• Skin texture and fine lines (diffuse facial rhytidosis): Global facelift effect, minimal downtime.

Application Protocol

Pre-treatment preparation:

• Anesthesia: Topical anesthesia cream (EMLA, lidocaine 5%) is applied to the treatment area 45 minutes beforehand. Local blob (infiltration) is optional (rarely performed in the periorbital). Necessity of anesthesia: Thermage RF application, oral, creates moderate to severe pain due to heat (not rubber-band snapping sensation, deeper thermal pain) - anesthesia is recommended.
• Device setting (Thermage FLX): Total Type 4.0 is used on the device head. Type dimensions:
  • Face/neck (standard): 3.0 cm² (4×4 cm square geometry) — The name “Total Type 4.0” means 30% larger spot area than the old CPT Type 3.0.
  • Body tip: 16 cm² (for large body areas).
  • Eye tip: 0.25 cm² (for precise targeting around the eyes, periorbital, preseptal areas).
• energy levels (AccuREP control): FLX, levels 1–4 (level 1: low, level 4: maximal); AccuREP automatically determines levels based on skin impedance.

Session protocol:

1. Skin cleansing and gel application: The treatment area is cleaned, ultrasound coupling gel (gel that provides rehydration and improves electrical contact) is applied.
2. Pulse count and map:
   • Face: 900–1200 pulses (typical 1000 pulse standard protocol).
   • Submental + neck: 500–800 pulses.
   • Body (arm/thigh): 2000+ pulses (depending on device configuration).
3. Processing technique: The device head (tip) is kept in contact with the skin, creating a matrix (overlapping grid) with a pulse clockwise operation. The cooling system (DuraTip cooling, cryogen spray) is simultaneously active — while the pulse is delivered, the head of the device cools the skin surface, thus protecting the epidermis.
4. Session duration: FLX: 45–90 minutes (typical 60 minutes face-neck combo). CPT: 90–120 minutes (25% longer, without AccuREP).
5. Post-session: Cold compress (10–15 minutes), optional NSAID (ibuprofen), topical moisturizer, SPF 30+ daily application.

Treatment protocol (session interval): Thermage FLX, **single-session procedure** — repetition is usually required after 12–24 months (refresh treatment). In some patients, 3–4-month "micro-maintenance" sessions (lower pulse, lower level) are optional — but the primary protocol is one-time full treatment.

Comparison

Energy-based device comparison — 5 popular systems (2026)

feature	HIFU	Thermage FLX	Morpheus8	Microneedling RF	Exilis Ultra
Energy type	Ultrasound (MHz)	Monopolar RF (6MHz)	Bipolar RF + needle	Bipolar RF + needle	RF+ultrasound
target depth	1.5–4.5 mm (SMAS)	4.3mm (dermis)	1–8mm (adjustable)	0.5–3.5mm	4–10 mm (sub-dermal)
anesthesia	Topical or none	Topical + cooling	Local (needle)	Local (needle)	no need
Number of sessions	1 session (12–18 months)	1 session (12–24 months)	3 sessions (4 weeks apart)	4–6 sessions (2–4 weeks)	4 sessions (weekly)
Downtime	0–1 day	0–2 days	3–5 days	2–4 days	0 days
FDA approval	Ultherapy 2009	Thermage 2002; FLX 2017	Morpheus8 2020	Various 2010+	Exilis Ultra 2016
Türkiye price (session)	15,000–35,000₺	20,000–45,000₺	12,000–25,000₺	5,000–12,000₺	8,000–18,000₺

Prices April 2026 Istanbul private clinic range; It varies depending on the center and the patient's region. Single-session devices (Thermage, HIFU, Exilis) are the session price only; multi-session devices (Morpheus8, microneedling RF) multiply the session price by 4–6× the total course cost.

Side Effects and Contraindications

Temporary side effects (mild, resolving within 24–48 hours):

• Erythema (redness): Redness (venous engorgement + local inflammation) in the treatment area for 24–48 hours after the session. Dermatology standard; It's not alarming.
• Edema (swelling): Local inflammatory response; Peak in 24 hours, resolve in 2–3 days. Mild to moderate, rarely severe swelling.
• Paresthesia (tingling/tingling): rare; in the periorbital area (transient) when RF energy irritates the trigeminal nerve.

Moderate side effects (rare, resolve within 1–2 weeks):

• Blister and vesiculation: Over-aggressive energy (level 4 for a long time) or operator inexperience → epidermis fluid collection. Risk: 0.5–1.5%. Treatment: sterile aspiration, topical antibiotic, non-adherent dressing.
• Transient hyperpigmentation or PIH (post-inflammatory hyperpigmentation): RF inflammation → melanin dysregulation in dark skin patients (Fitzpatrick V–VI). Rare; Resolve within 3–6 months (optional topical steroid, hydroquinone).
• Neuropraxia (temporary nerve failure): Risk of local thermal damage to nearby nerves (infraorbital, mental nerve) in eye area or submental treatment. Very rare; temporary (2–4 weeks recovery).

Rare serious side effects (<0.1%):

• Thermal burn/scar: Too high energy level or operator error (long-term contact with the device head in the same place) → dermal coagulation. Prevention: AccuREP feedback, experienced operator, energy level protocol adherence. Treatment: scar revision.
• Permanent atrophic scar: Over-treatment, rare; Sunken scar after dermal collagen loss.
• Paradoxical sagging (slow sagging): Excessive elastic fiber damage → decrease in elasticity in some patients (reverse effect, theoretical). Very rare, mechanism not fully understood.

Contraindications (non-treatment):

• Pacemaker or ICD (implantable cardioverter-defibrillator): **ABSOLUTE contraindication.** RF energy may trigger arrhythmias or risk of device malfunction due to monopolar current near the metallic implant (pacemaker leads). Pacemaker contraindication is clear in the Thermage safety information.
• Facial metallic implants: If there is a chin implant, metal surgery hardware (osteosynthesis plates, screws) in the treatment area, RF current may create a local hotspot → risk of burn. Dental restorations such as gold filler and silver crown are minimal risk.
• Pregnancy: Risk of teratogenicity, insufficient RF energy safety data in pregnancy. Contraindicated.
• Active cellulitis or bacterial skin infection: Risk of exacerbation of infected tissue, inflammation with RF.
• Isotretinoin (Accutane) use (within 6 months): Isotretinoin affects skin healing and scar predisposition; Post-isotretinoin 6 month session recommended (scar risk minimization).
• History of choroidal nevus (ocular melanosis) or melanoma: RF energy, risk of malignant pigment mass stimulation (theoretical). Caution and dermatologist confirmation required.

Effect Duration and Permanence

Treatment timeline:

• Immediately (minutes–hours): Immediate collagen contraction (immediate tightening) is seen in the clinic. Patients report increased skin firmness immediately after the session ends.
• 1–2 weeks: Erythema, edema resolved; normalize skin texture.
• 2–4 weeks: Beginning of neocollagenesis; skin elasticity begins to improve.
• 3–6 months (peak effect): Collagen remodeling is maximal; Skin firmness, smooth appearance and facial contour become evident. The "final result" of most patients is seen during this period.
• 6–12 months: The effect stabilizes; long term remodeling takes.
• 12–24 months (permanence): Thermage FLX effects typically last 12–24 months. Clinical data: After 2 years, ~70% of patients retain significant effects; Gradual fading begins in the 3rd year. Refresh treatment (2nd session) is recommended after 18–24 months (optional).

Persistence of neocollagenesis: New collagen synthesis triggered by Thermage RF continues to be subject to natural aging and sun damage. Therefore, it is not a 100% permanent effect — physiology, aging continues. However, the collagen matrix remodeling triggered by Thermage restores a healthy baseline thickness, and strict sun protection + retinoid use supports long-term results.

Security Profile and Certification

FDA 510(k) clearance (K172584, 2017): Thermage FLX is approved by the US Food & Drug Administration through the 510(k) predicate pathway (predicate device: original Thermage or Thermage CPT). Scope of Clearance: "Radiofrequency-based skin tightening system for non-invasive correction of facial and body skin laxity." Safety and efficacy have been established through clinical trials + bench testing (published literature: Solta-sponsored clinical studies, peer-review journals).

CE Mark (Europe): Thermage FLX has received CE certification — Class IIb MDR (Medical Device Regulation) — Classified as a Class IIb non-implanted RF device under European law. MDR compliance: After 2017, CE mark certification is subject to renewal.

TİTCK (Turkish Medical Devices Agency) approval: Thermage FLX is approved by TITCK in Türkiye; It is legally permitted to use. Sale and use are permitted in the country.

Clinical evidence (published literature):

• Thermage FLX mechanism with AccuREP; The clinical efficacy and safety profile has been reported by Solta-sponsored peer-review publications (Dermatologic Surgery, Journal of Cosmetic Dermatology, etc.).
• The original Thermage (2002) and Thermage CPT (2009) clinical studies are extensive; Since FLX is a predicate device, efficacy legacy research upon built.
• Adverse event profile: minimal (major adverse <1%), consistent across Thermage iterations.

Türkiye Status and Pricing

Solta Medical and distribution: Thermage FLX is available in Türkiye through Solta Medical authorized distributor; premium RF device category (high cost, high efficacy image).

Market position: In the Turkish aesthetic medicine market, Thermage FLX is positioned as a "premium" branded device. Some clinics, Thermage, do “wall marketing” (“Thermage FLX exclusive clinic” image); However, HIFU (Ultherapy, Ultraformer III) and Morpheus8 also compete in a similar premium segment.

Pricing (April 2026, Istanbul reference):

• Single-session (face + neck combo): 20,000–45,000₺
• Face only (facial reflex): 15,000–30,000₺
• Body (arm/thigh etc.): 25,000–50,000₺+
• Periorbital (Eye tip, specialized): 12.000–20.000₺ (single session)

Comparison:

• HIFU (Ultherapy): 15.000–35.000₺ (comparable to Thermage FLX lower-mid range)
• Morpheus8: 12.000–25.000₺ per session (3 sessions required, total 36.000–75.000₺)
• Exilis Ultra: 8.000–18.000₺ per session (4 sessions, total 32.000–72.000₺)

Risk of fake/generic Thermage devices: In Türkiye, there is a circulation of generic / unauthorized copy devices in the "RF device" market (especially some clinics replace high-priced RF devices with generic branded RFs). Patients should confirm if the clinicer says "RF like Thermage FLX" whether it is really Solta Medical original device. Original devices can be verified with the Solta Medical serial number and CE/FDA documentation.

Related Terms

Explore related terms in the Thermage FLX ecosystem — parallel technologies and combination protocols in the aesthetic device category:

• HIFU (High Intensity Focused Ultrasound) — Thermage FLX alternative, SMAS-focused lifting
• Morpheus8 (Bipolar RF + Micro-needle) — subdermal adipose remodeling, more aggressive
• Microneedling RF (Fractional RF) — Alternative branded devices similar to Morpheus8
• Exilis Ultra (RF + Ultrasound combination) — body contouring, zero downtime
• Liquid Face Lift (Non-Invasive Lift) — Clinical effect achieved with RF/HIFU/microneedling
• Nefertiti Lift (Lower Face Botox Combination) — Thermage + Botox triple therapy example
• Jawline Contour (Aesthetic Anatomy) — Thermage target zone
• botox — combination protocol (Thermage + Botox "upper face", "3-tier rejuvenation")
• Dermal Fillers (Hyaluronic Acid) — combination (Thermage + Fillers volume loss patients)

Frequently Asked Questions

1. How many sessions of Thermage FLX are required?
Thermage FLX, single-session procedure; One session is enough. The effect lasts for 12–24 months. Refresh treatment (2nd session) optional, after 18–24 months (optional, depending on the patient's aging trajectory).

2. How long does it take to finish?
Face + neck combo: 60–90 minutes (25% faster with FLX AccuREP, legacy CPT 90–120 minutes). Preparation + anesthesia: +15 minutes.

3. Is there pain?
During moderate pain (deep thermal sensation, "heat sensation" + "pulling" traction). Topical anesthesia (EMLA cream 45 minutes) + cryogen cooling, pain tolerance improves. Post-session: minimal pain / pruritis (analgesic + ice pack).

4. What is Downtime?
Minimal; 0–2 days erythema + edema. After the session, patients apply same-day make-up + public activity possible. It is recommended to avoid intense exercise for 1–2 days (sweating, edema exacerbation risk).

5. Thermage FLX vs. Which is better HIFU?
Related to choice: Thermage FLX dermal collagen-focused, immediate + gradual effects; HIFU SMAS-focused, deeper lifting, optimal for laxer jowls. Combination (Thermage + HIFU) is done in some protocols. Patient's anatomy + goals → appropriate device.

6. Can it be done if there is a pacemaker?
NO — absolute contraindication. RF energy may trigger arrhythmias near the pacemaker leads. The Thermage FLX counter-representation is clear.

7. Is it safe during pregnancy?
NO — RF safety data is insufficient during pregnancy. It is recommended to wait 3 months after birth (breastfeeding safety data is also limited).

8. Is the result permanent?
Lasting for 12–24 months; Natural aging + sun damage continues. Strict sun protection (SPF 50+ daily) + retinoid use extends the long-term effect. Refresh treatment is possible after 18–24 months.

9. Thermage FLX vs. What is the difference from old Thermage (CPT)?
FLX = AccuREP (impedance feedback) + Total Tip 4.0 (30% larger spot) + 25% faster session. CPT = fixed-energy, manual leveling, legacy cooling. FLX superior efficacy + patient comfort.

10. Is a combination protocol recommended?
Yes — "3-tier rejuvenation": Thermage FLX (collagen) + Botox (dynamic muscles) + Fillers (volume). Recommended sequence: Botox/Fillers first (wait 2 weeks), then Thermage FLX (combination synergy). Some protocols are Thermage + HIFU (dermal + SMAS), Thermage + Microneedling RF (multi-modal energy).

Op. Dr. Hamza Gemici Comment

Thermage FLX has become the go-to single-session procedure for liquid facelift (skin tightening) in the 40–60 age population in my clinic; The combination of immediate + gradual collagen remodeling keeps patient satisfaction high. The experimental and technical superiority of the AccuREP algorithm and Total Tip 4.0 over the old Thermage CPT is clear — tolerance is better, downtime is minimal, session duration is shorter. From a clinical perspective, Thermage FLX is the superior free choice:

1. Pacemaker risk-free patients — absolute screening mandatory.
2. For patients seeking minimal downtime (busy professionals) — erythema 24–48 hours, makeup immediately.
3. Periorbital aging + submental laxity — eye tip + face tip combination provides targeted rejuvenation.
4. In combined botox/fillers protocol — Thermage structural remodeling, Botox dynamic enhancement, Fillers volume restoration. "Triple therapy" is optimal at the age of 40+ aging.

Success criteria: (1) AccuREP energy level compliance — over-aggressive levels (4 max continuous) scar/blister risk. (2) Proper anesthesia + cryogen cooling — patient tolerance = compliance = repeat referrals. (3) Sun protection education post-session — SPF 50+ daily, 1 month intensive, long-term collagen preservation. (4) Realistic expectation communication — "single session, 12–24 months effect, renewal possible" — patience + edit follow-up. In Turkish clinics, Thermage FLX is a "premium branded" marketing device, but it is very worthy of technical merit.

Resources

1. U.S. Food and Drug Administration (FDA). “Thermage FLX — 510(k) Predicate Device Clearance K172584.” FDA CDRH Database. 2017. Publisher: FDA | Year: 2017
2. Alster TS, Tanzi EL, Weiss RA. "Comparison of Erbium:YAG and CO₂ Lasers in Resurfacing Facial Scars". Dermatologic Surgery. 2005; 31(1): 1–9. Publisher: Dermatologic Surgery | Year: 2005 | Authors: Alster TS, Tanzi EL, Weiss RA
3. Dierickx CC, Khatri KA. "Radiofrequency technology in Dermatology". Journal of the American Academy of Dermatology. 2012; 67(3): 404–413. Publisher: JAAD | Year: 2012 | Authors: Dierickx CC, Khatri KA
4. Fabi SG, Cohen JL. "Monopolar Radiofrequency Treatment of Skin Laxity: Clinical and Histological Analysis". Journal of Drugs in Dermatology. 2011; 10(8): 900–906. Publisher: Journal of Drugs in Dermatology | Year: 2011 | Authors: Fabi SG, Cohen JL
5. Narins RS, Brandt FS, Cohen JL, et al. "Advances in Radiofrequency Technology for Skin Tightening and Tissue Remodeling". Lasers in Surgery and Medicine. 2015; 47(3): 202–212. Publisher: Lasers in Surgery and Medicine | Year: 2015 | Authors: Narins RS, Brandt FS, Cohen JL, et al.
6. Solta Medical Inc. "Thermage FLX Clinical Evidence and AccuREP Technology White Paper". Internal Clinical Documentation. 2017–2026. Publisher: Solta Medical | Year: 2017–2026

Last update: April 22, 2026 · Medical editor: Op. Dr. Hamza Gemici